I am overdue on this, and I apologize. Honestly, the only reason I mentioned this at all was out of frustration, and that frustration has become painfully agonizing. Regardless of where you think you fall on the egalitarian--complementarian spectrum, keep this in mind: All that matters is the whole of Scripture, not any one individual (or a mass of individuals) interpretation. I'm so absolutely sick of knee-jerk reactions without any personal study of Scripture, and all the assumptions and presumptions and bad or lack of Bible study on the topic. This used to be a rage limited to the general attitude toward the OT, but now it's bleeding over into the NT conversations as well. So who knows, maybe I'll go to my grave having turned into a Bible teacher after all, if everyone is going to skip such elementary teaching - either by failing to learn it or failing to teach it - as basic Bible History. At any rate, here I am, in all my lack of glory, ready to dive into the entire "women and the Bible" conversation.
In other words, for the love of all things holy, please stop with all this pretending that women are dismissed in Scripture. I can show you that they aren't. And, since this is Kaci Hill writing, it's gotten long and therefore will be in four parts:
Introduction & Old Testament
New Testament
Passage List(s)
Introduction
This was not an issue for me growing up. I never felt marginalized, objectified, neglected, ignored, or somehow "less" because I was a girl. The men in my life have become my standard, and apparently for the majority they are the exception. So the bar's high, in my universe. I preface with this to state plainly that I have no dog in the complementarian/egalitarian fight -- and I'm not sure what's being fought about anyway. The concepts of "male headship" and such, despite my very church kid background (I am at least fourth-generation church kid, and graduated from private Christian schools; in the Bible belt buckle; I know far too well what Paul meant when he went on about himself), was absolutely foreign to me until college, so I did what every good church kid does and researched all the things for myself--because, at the end of the day, I really only care about the actual text of Scripture.
The journey started at some point early in college when, in a fit of irritation, I combed the NT for passages directed specifically at women. The paraphrased verse now taped and beaten up on my computer monitor is: "the unmarried woman is anxious only about how to be holy in body and spirit, and her attentions are undivided" (paraphrase of I Corinthians 7). The other is from one of Peter's epistles and reads (again, paraphrase) "You're Sarah's [that is, a child of the woman who represents the place where God made and kept his promise] daughters if you respect your husband and fear nothing that is fearsome." (We'll argue about the first part of the sentence another day; I personally honed in on the part where God's daughters fear nothing. It's scary, and we aren't scared of it.)
This ultimately would lead to another exercise in which I started marking any time a woman was mentioned with a symbol in my Bible. As it turns out, the women in the Bible built cities, worked their tails off with the men, counseled & rebuked kings, prophesied, had fights with God, & mediated before God. Ruth is a beast; Abigail is "wise & beautiful"; Jael was conniving; Mary was brave. Jehosheba saved the crown prince from a massacre; and an old wise woman dressed down generals like children.
So, occupationally, in Scripture you see women:
- prophesying
- communicating directly and one on one with God, occasionally with the men being deliberately thrown out of the conversation
- judging
- building cities, temples, & tabernacles
- inheriting property in the absence of a male heir
- stopping a band of angry, humiliated men in their tracks
- stopping a war general from destroying a city
- engaging in war via command, or conniving
- hiding spies
- pulling a trick on her father-in-law because he wouldn't do the legally right thing by you (was Jesus thinking of this woman when he told the parable of the persistent widow and the corrupt judge?)
- ruling
- saving a nephew from genocide
- saving their son or younger brother from genocide
- saving their husband from divine execution
- ruling a country, making an epic quest to Jerusalem, and, long after her death, being upheld as someone who will sit in a judgment seat
- saving their general and master
- saving a nation
- running businesses
- doing "outdoor work" our culture has traditionally associated with "men's work" (despite the number of exceptions)
- participating in temple or tabernacle construction
- leading the worship music
- made some long road trips, alone and without any bodyguards (keep in mind they would've been on foot, not in a locked vehicle going 60 miles an hour)
- proposed (hey, it happened at least once)
- saving infant boys from genocide
- helping their husbands escape their father (she spoiled it later, but hey, you have to give Michal this much)
And, all of a sudden, that whole verse about Adam needing a helper took on a life of its own. If anyone is a damsel in the OT, it's the men in these women's lives. There's two sayings from somewhere I've heard in my life, and two of them are: "The old is in the new explained; the new is in the old contained" and "the OT is descriptive; the NT is prescriptive". If that's the case, there contains in the Torah, Histories, Prophets, and Wisdom Literature significant amount of women in an active capacity, usually rescuing a man from something or someone or offering wise counsel and mediation between the man and God.
Now, we can argue female pastors and teachers all we want, but, descriptively, we're seeing women in what can only be described as a teaching and pastoring role, OT style. This is the point at which I begin repeating the phrase "There are too many exceptions to make the rule." (I am saving things like "authority over a man" and whether or not they should be pastors for the NT post of this series. Please hang with me until then. I promise I have an argument coming, but we're not to the NT yet. Although I must point out that all of this is before the Cross and before Joel 2 has been fulfilled, which is kind of the stunning part.)
The third descriptive category we see starts getting into the character section of this post. These women could pray. They might be mad, scared, depressed, destitute, or a thousand other things, but these women, for the most part, were people we could look up to, named or not, onstage or off.
Offhand, only a few are mentioned negatively:
- Crazy Jezebel
- Her insane granddaughter Athaliah, who tried to off the entire Davidic line
- Lot's wife (though she's known for her disbelief; it's not actually stated what her character was like)
- Job's wife (might not have been a terrible person, but the only thing we know about her is that she apparently felt they'd been betrayed by God and no longer owed him anything. I think that was grief talking, as they had 10 kids after this mess was over.)
And, also offhand, fewer still are mentioned as being in a place of absolute helplessness. Those are:
- Hagar (Ishmael's mother), who is depicted as pretty resilient and willing to trust God despite some rather monstrous, from her POV, circumstances)
- a few unnamed widows and/or barren women who, despite this, is also depicted as resilient and trusting of God (even when they're a bit annoyed with him) despite circumstance (Ironically, several stories about Elijah and Elisha aren't actually about Elijah and Elisha, but the women they visit).
- Tamar (Judah's daughter-in-law, who is also still described as pretty resourceful in the end)
- Tamar (David's daughter, who is a passive figure in this)
- Dinah (I'm assuming, as nothing proactive about her is actually written)
- Bathsheba (she has a twist, though; she begins as the victim here; by the end of her story, she's working with David and the prophet Nathan to get her son on the throne, so there's more to her than meets the eye)
- Leah (Jacob's first wife - again, she's pretty resourceful, but you really have to feel sorry for the woman)
As a matter of fact, any time a woman is *completely* without resource, she either finds it herself or gets a little (direct or indirect) divine intervention. Or, if it doesn't happen, there's usually some kind of curse involved. Maybe that should be its own thing, later.
And that's just the Old Testament, and not the entire list. The point is that women turn up in every arena of life: business, war, the arts/craftsmanship, politics, home, and spiritual life.
Having said all of that, in terms of character, the OT does have more descriptions of women than Proverbs 31. Shock, horror, wonder, amazement, and awe. But since we know that one, let's start there, especially as it’s the closest to a prescriptive passage, and it's all description. I'll be honest; I've never read that passage as a daunting checklist, but in the spirit of someone on Mother's Day going on and on about how wonderful their mother or grandmother or Female Older Person in their life is. It goes on and on about how great women are, and how that greatness spills over and makes everyone else in their lives better as a result.
We're a little more familiar with God's promise to Abraham that he would be blessed, and through him all the nations would be blessed, but there's something in this poem at the end of Proverbs that strikes the same chord: this woman overflows with blessing and abundance. And maybe that's what Paul and Peter mean when they refer to Sarah as the woman who represents Mount Zion, where the new covenant is struck, where the Messiah King to the nations came from, where the Savior of the universe was born, lived, died, and resurrected, where the Holy Spirit fell like fire and wind and water and something that swept over time and space happened.
In college, I became a little fixated, and remained so, as to what the phrase "Mother in Israel" meant. It's only used twice: of Deborah the Judge (ch 5) and a wise woman, whose reputation determines that of the whole town, and who, as I said, dressed down David's general (II Samuel 20).
In the first instance, it refers to pre-monarchic Israel where a judge acted as savior, protector, and vindicator. My reading of Deborah's keeping court under the tree always reminds me of how Moses conducted this role. They both have a spot, and to get counsel or civil judgment you had to go to that spot. Deborah was a judge. She also had that mediator between God and Israel aspect, to the extent that we remember her, not her prophet husband, and to the extent that people were going to her, not her prophet husband. I mean, the war general received a word from God through her, and then wanted to keep her with him (I’m not sure if that's speaking to her in a battle capacity or as an advisor capacity, but either or both, this general wanted this female judge on the battlefield against a formidable enemy. If that's not impressive, I don’t know what is. This is as close to a Biblical Joan of Arc or Mulan as it gets.)
In the second instance, it's referring to a woman who hears a commotion and steps out to see what it is. There's a battering ram slamming the gates, and siege equipment against the wall. A rebel has fled for his life into her town (which, I have to look it up, but this may have been one of the cities of refuge) from David's general Joab (remember this guy? He's nuts.) and Joab's men have now surrounded the town and threatened to besiege and destroy it to get this guy (I told you he's nuts). We never get her name, but she promptly hops up and calls for Joab, then demands to know what he thinks he's doing to this city that's "a mother in Israel" and goes so far as to accuse him of threatening Israel's inheritance (read your OT; this was a high charge). My favorite part about this story is that Joab, for all his power and hubris and independent nature, this Joab who really is one of those "man's man" types people talk about, who will defy David to his face and go behind his back, answers her with all the gusto of a scolded child.
"Far be it from me! Far be it from me to swallow up or destroy! That is not the case!" he calls back. He goes on to explain himself, then promises to withdraw once they have the rebel.
So she tosses the rebel's head over the wall. Joab goes home.
Can we put this on a mother's day card? However you look at it, "mother in Israel" apparently was the ancient phrase for "mama bear."
They're those women who are a shoulder and a kick in the bum, the one your friends claim as their own because she's quick to pray for you and with you and sometimes despite you and what you think you should be praying for, who counsels, corrects, rebukes, gets mad, sad, glad, and everything else because she's only got one goal in mind: help you turn into a mature adult who loves Jesus. She's that little church lady with no physical kids and a thousand spiritual ones. When we get to the NT, I'll say she's Anna, or Priscilla, or Chloe, and a dozen other women.
So, according to the OT, descriptively, Godly women are:
- Resourceful & clever (we'll throw industrious/productive in here)
- Fearless (courageous, brave, valiant, etc)
- Prayerful (they have a relationship with and communicate directly with God, not through a mediator)
- Wise
- Fear God
- Beautiful (favorable - we like being around these women and doing business with them; these women are a pleasure and a blessing)
- Is someone you can be proud of
- Steadfast & resilient, strong
- Humble
- Noble
- Trusts in/is devoted to/obedient to God (Deut 6)
- Loves (Leviticus 19:18)
- Women of integrity/good report
- Is just/righteous
- Is merciful/compassionate/generous
- Is trustworthy
Man, this is long, and I'm just warming up. I'll post about the NT, then make the official list. But really, don't tell me Scripture is dismissive or negative toward women. If anything, it's an extreme: these women are forces to be reckoned with, indispensible allies and formidable foes, that type of person you meet and think "I am so glad they love Jesus."
So when Peter wraps up with "you're Sarah's daughter if. . . you fear nothing that's fearsome", those are the women his Jewish upbringing means.
And I know, some of you are thinking "I'm not a prophet or a warrior woman." Okay, so very quickly:
- Hannah was a housewife who prayed until the priest thought she was drunk and ultimately had Samuel, whom she then dedicated to the tabernacle service (and had more kids because of that decision)
- Samson's mom figured out she was talking to an angel, and the angel rebuked her husband for not believing her
- Abigail was stuck with a horrible husband and actually protected his sorry life from David and his men. . . with breakfast
- Jael was a nomad who conned a general and executed him
- Naomi was both widowed and deprived of both her sons. . . in a foreign country
- Zipporah was a priest's daughter and Moses' wife
- Moses' mother was a Hebrew slave, as was his sister
- The Hebrew midwives in that story were also slaves
- Rebekah, Rachel, and Leah were. . . no one special, in theory
- Ruth was average, widowed young, and moved to a foreign country with her (widowed) mother-in-law
- Hagar (I have grown to love Hagar; I think she had it worse than most)
- The widow of Zarapeth (sp?) was no one "notable", nor were the others written in the historical books
Now I'm going to quote something entirely NOT from the Bible. If you ever saw "A Little Princess" (or read the book) you know that the theme of the book hits home when Sara Crewe, rich girl turned to rags and treated horribly by the headmistress, corrects Miss Minchin by stating that "I am a princess! We're all princesses! It doesn't matter if you're rich, or poor, or ugly, or pretty. . . we are all princesses! Even you!"
So when Paul writes that in Christ there isn't male or female, slave or free, Jew or Gentile, I think that's what he's getting at, and what Peter's getting at. God made women in his image. (More on that later, too.) And we are Jesus' little sisters, and we inherit the kingdom with him, too. He's the firstborn over all creation, the firstborn from among the dead. And we are his kid sisters.